It is the objective of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute that all personnel, including faculty, staff, visiting scientists, postdoctoral fellows, students and all other persons retained by or working at the university, comply with all U.S. laws and regulations while teaching, conducting research or providing service activities at or on behalf of the university. As such, all personnel are required to comply with the U.S. laws that regulate the export and release of items, information, technology, software and funds to destinations and persons outside of the U.S., as well as in some cases, the transfer (in country) to non-U.S. citizens at the university or within the U.S.

These current federal regulations are collectively referred to as the “Export Control laws” and have been in existence since the 1940’s to regulate the export, release or transfer (in country) from the U.S. of information, commodities, technology, or software that has been deemed strategically important to the U.S. for reasons of national security, foreign policy, or the protection of the economy and commerce. Many of the research, teaching or service activities conducted by Rensselaer faculty and staff are shielded, however, from these complex regulations by a long-standing “fundamental research exclusion” (FRE), which is discussed in more detail below.

Failure to comply with the export control laws may result in severe penalties to the Rensselaer, as well as, criminal sanctions to individual faculty, staff and students, and possible administrative sanctions resulting in potential loss of federal funding and export privileges.  It is, therefore, critical to maintain compliance with these regulations even though problematic, and perhaps in conflict with Rensselaer’s philosophies of sharing information and academic freedom. The regulations are lengthy, difficult to interpret, and frequently subject to change.  However, they are to be taken seriously as penalties for violations may include significant fines and jail time, and are assessed against the individual committing the violation.

Rensselaer’s faculty, staff and students members working in the following areas should become familiar with this Management & Compliance Plan and Procedures: engineering, physical and computer sciences, confidential or defense-related research, biological sciences and medicine, working with select agents and infectious materials, and/or faculty conducting research or academic collaborations with colleagues in countries that have been sanctioned by OFAC, ITAR and the EAR.   Section F provides a link to the Bureau of Industry and Security's Export Control Classification Interactive Tool.

It is the purpose of this plan to outline the key features of Export Controls, examine the relationship of these regulations to activities conducted at Rensselaer, and explain how the Institute will assist its personnel to ensure compliance with Export Controls. The plan applies to all Rensselaer personnel (including but not limited to all faculty, staff, employees, students, post docs, trainees, visitors and visiting scientists) whose academic work involves, but is not limited to, the following:

• Activities or research in controlled areas (e.g., encryption technology, nuclear technology, chemical/biological weapons, military technologies).
• Activities involving the shipping or taking of equipment, technology, or software overseas.
• Activities involving teaching and research collaborating with foreign colleagues, at foreign institution, or the participating or training of foreign nationals here or abroad.
• Activities involving travel or work outside the U.S.
• Conducting tours of foreign nationals through research areas.
• Conducting research sponsored by any entity restricting publication or the participation of foreign nationals.
• Activities involving the receipt and/or use of export controlled information or technologies from other parties.
• Activities involving the hiring of foreign.

Rensselaer is conducting leading-edge research in many areas of science and engineering.  It is a general practice of Rensselaer to foster a research environment conducive to the expansion of general knowledge and the open release of knowledge acquired for the public good.  The Federal regulations provide a broad exemption from Export Controls for “basic” or applied academic research conducted in the U.S. that is normally published and shared with the research community.  This broad exemption is commonly referred to as the "Fundamental Research Exclusion" (FRE).  To qualify as “Fundamental Research,” and thus be exempt from export controls, research must be conducted free of any publication restrictions, or limitation to access or full dissemination of all research results. 

In consideration of the above, however, certain activities and information that are not covered by the FRE and remain subject to the export control laws and regulations are:

• receipt by the Institute of third party export controlled information which requires that appropriate measures be taken to ensure that the information is properly safeguarded,
• travel abroad, and
• engaging in specific activities with person and entities abroad,

The above holds true even if the information relied upon is publicly available, requires review for exceptions other than the review provided for safeguarding contractual proprietary information. 

Thus, it is critical that the university continues to ensure that all research results are widely and openly published and made available to the academic community in order to safeguard the "Fundamental Research Exclusion."  It is important to note that even with the “Fundamental Research Exclusion,” if a university activity involves an export or deemed export, the university must document that an Export Control review and analysis was performed before the export or release of information takes place.  It is also important to note that while the research results of “Fundamental Research” are exempt from Export Controls, the actual item, technology, or software under study is not automatically exempt and may have Export License requirements.

It is the responsibility of all Rensselaer personnel to be aware of and comply with all Export Control laws and regulations, as well as any of Rensselaer’s applicable policies and procedures.  With regard to specific research projects, it is important to note that the primary compliance responsibility resides with the researcher.  However, the appropriate administrative staff (e.g., Research Administration and Finance, Rensselaer's Export Control Office, Deans, Department Heads, etc.) should be notified by the researcher whenever it is believed -- or known -- that the Export Control regulations may apply.  “Self-Blind” is not advisable.  As always, Rensselaer will assist any member of its community in assessing their export control obligations and facilitate the acquisition of export licenses as required.

I. Research Involving the Export of Items Out of the U.S.

It is the responsibility of Rensselaer's Export Control Office to determine the export licensing requirements for shipping any item, software, technology, data, or information from Rensselaer to a destinations outside the U.S.  Determining the license requirements of an item can be a complex and complicated process requiring specific facts provided by the researcher for proper classification of the item and verification and clearance of the target destination, end-use, and end-users.  The final determination of whether an item requires an export license, qualifies for a license exemption, or can be exported as “No License Required” (NLR) will be made by the Rensselaer's Export Control Office in collaboration with the researcher(s).  If an export license is required, Rensselaer's Export Control Office will coordinate the license application process.  To be noted, there is no guarantee of a license being issued.  No export, transfer, release, deemed export, or deemed re-export can take place until the required license is obtained.  This procedure is in addition to the freight forwarders requirement.

II. Research Involving Disclosures, Transfers or Transfer to Foreign Persons in the U.S. (Deemed Exports)

The release or transmission of information or technology subject to Export Control to any foreign national in the U.S. including graduate students, post docs, foreign visitors and training fellows is a "Deemed Export," and is considered an export to that person's home country.  In some instances, an Export License may be required before the information can be released. 

Examples of "releases" to foreign nationals include providing access to controlled software, technology, or equipment by visual inspection or use, providing access via tours of facilities, providing access to technical specifications, and verbal exchanges of information. It is the responsibility of Rensselaer's Export Control Office to determine the licensing requirements involving deemed exports.  No release of information or items to foreign nationals can take place until the required License is obtained. 

It is imperative that the PI should review contract conditions of a proposal solicitation and review with Rensselaer's Export Control Office the proposal prior to submittal.  These should be discussed with Research Administration and Finance (RAF) and Rensselaer's Export Control Office to address export control issues with respect to contract term modifications, technology transfer, personnel staffing and export control license requirements.  Waiting until time of the award can create a considerable delay in the research implementation if an export license is required.

U.S. CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS (CFR)
Updated March 19, 2019

Title 15Chapter VII Part 744 - CONTROL POLICY: END-USER AND END-USE BASED

§ 744.1 - General provisions.

(a)   (1) Introduction. In this part, references to the EAR are references to 15 CFR chapter VII, subchapter C. This part contains prohibitions against exports, reexports, and selected transfers to certain end-users and end-uses as introduced under General Prohibition Five (End-use/End-users) and Nine (Orders, Terms, and Conditions), unless authorized by BIS.

• Sections 744.2, 744.3, 744.4 prohibit exports, reexports and transfers (in-country) of items subject to the EAR to defined nuclear, missile, and chemical and biological proliferation activities.
• Section 744.5 prohibits exports, reexports and transfers (in-country) of items subject to the EAR to defined nuclear maritime end-uses.
• Section 744.6 prohibits certain activities by U.S. persons in support of certain nuclear, missile, chemical, or biological end-uses. Section 744.7 prohibits exports and reexports of certain items for certain aircraft and vessels.
• Section 744.8 prohibits exports and reexports without authorization to certain parties who have been designated as proliferators of weapons of mass destruction or as supporters of such proliferators pursuant to Executive Order 13382.
• Section 744.10 prohibits exports and reexports of any item subject to the EAR to Russian entities, included in supplement no. 4 of this part.
• Section 744.11 imposes license requirements, to the extent specified in supplement no. 4 to this part on entities listed in supplement no. 4 to this part for activities contrary to the national security or foreign policy interests of the United States.
• Sections 744.12, 744.13 and 744.14 prohibit exports and reexports of any item subject to the EAR to persons designated as Specially Designated Global Terrorists, Specially Designated Terrorists, or Foreign Terrorist Organizations, respectively.
• Section 744.15 sets forth the conditions for exports, reexports, and transfers (in-country) to persons listed on the Unverified List (UVL) in supplement no. 6 of this part, the criteria for revising the UVL, as well as procedures for requesting removal or modification of a listing on the UVL.
• Section 744.16 sets forth the license requirements, policies and procedures for the Entity List.
• Section 744.19 sets forth BIS's licensing policy for applications for exports or reexports when a party to the transaction is an entity that has been sanctioned pursuant to any of three specified statutes that require certain license applications to be denied.
• Section 744.20 requires a license, to the extent specified in supplement no. 4 to this part, for exports and reexports of items subject to the EAR destined to certain sanctioned entities listed in supplement no. 4 to this part. In addition, these sections include license review standards for export license applications submitted as required by these sections. It should also be noted that part 764 of the EAR prohibits exports, reexports and certain transfers of items subject to the EAR to denied parties.
• Section 744.21 imposes restrictions for exports, reexports and transfers (in-country) of specified items for certain 'military end uses' in the People's Republic of China (PRC) or for a 'military end use' or 'military end user' in Russia or Venezuela.
• Section 744.22 imposes restrictions on exports, reexports and transfers to persons whose property and interests in property are blocked pursuant to Executive Orders 13310, 13448, or 13464.

       (2) If controls set forth under more than one section of part 744 apply to a person, the license requirements for such a person will be determined based on the requirements of all applicable sections of part 744, and license applications will be reviewed under all applicable licensing policies.

(b) Steps. The following are steps you should follow in using the provisions of this part:

1. Review end-use and end-user prohibitions. First, review each end-use and end-user prohibition described in this part to learn the scope of these prohibitions.
2. Determine applicability. Second, determine whether any of the end-use and end-user prohibitions described in this part are applicable to your planned export, reexport, transfer (in-country) or other activity. See supplement no. 1 to part 732 for guidance. For exports, reexports or transfers (in-country) that are in transit at the time you are informed by BIS that a license is required in accordance with § 744.2(b), § 744.3(b), § 744.4(b) or § 744.6(b) of the EAR, you may not proceed any further with the transaction unless you first obtain a license from BIS (see part 748 of the EAR for instructions on how to apply for a license). The provisions of § 748.4(d)(2) shall not apply to license applications submitted pursuant to a notification from BIS that occurs while an export, reexport, or transfer (in-country) is in transit.

III. Travel Outside the U.S. and International Financial Transactions

When leaving the U.S., it is important to note that traveling with certain items (such as personal laptop computers running encryption software, wireless network hardware/software, and some GPS systems) may require an Export License or an Export License Exception, depending on the travel destination.  In general, problematic destinations are those countries which are currently under U.S. embargo, sanction, or other trade restriction; specific examples include Iran, Cuba, Sudan, Syria, and North Korea.  NOTE: The application of personal knowledge or technical experience to situations in other countries (e.g., during consulting activities) may also invoke export licensing requirements.  Rensselaer personnel can receive assistance from the Rensselaer’s Export Control Office in determining whether a License is required.

U.S. sanction programs change over time, so current Sanctioned Countries information must be obtained from the Treasury Department and the BIS.

In addition to potential travel restrictions, it is also important to note that certain financial transactions with restricted individuals or entities from sanctioned or embargoed countries may be prohibited under OFAC laws and regulations (e.g., fellowship payments made to a researcher in another country).  Before agreeing to provide funding to any foreign national, Rensselaer personnel should check with Rensselaer's Export Control Office for assistance in identifying potential restrictions on the transaction.

IV. Activities Involving the Receipt and/or Use of Export Controlled Information/Technology

While the vast majority of work done at the university falls under the FRE and is shielded from Export Controls, the FRE does not apply to export controlled information, technology, software, or items that the university receives from other parties nor does it apply to research conducted using such export controlled information or items.  Export controlled information received from other parties cannot be openly shared with certain foreign nationals without an Export License.  If a university activity involves the receipt or use of externally obtained export controlled information, items, technology, or software, the primary recipient (e.g., the Principal Investigator) must work with the Office of Human Resources and Rensselaer's Export Control Office to determine, by current citizenship status, those university personnel who can legally access the information or item before the information or item is shared.

All Institute personnel receiving Export Controlled information or items will be asked to sign the “Certification on the Handling of Export Controlled Information” acknowledging their receipt of Export Controlled information or items, and their understanding of their responsibilities and obligations regarding the safe handling and use of the information or items.  In some cases, in collaboration with Rensselaer's Export Control Office, the primary recipient may be required to develop a Technology Control Plan outlining the specific procedures and safeguards that will be implemented by the researcher to ensure compliance with Export Controls.  Before accepting any Export Controlled information, item, technology, or software, Rensselaer personnel should contact Rensselaer's Export Control Office for help in determining potential compliance requirements.

V. Restrictive Trade Practices and Boycotts

Participation in certain restrictive trade practices is prohibited under the EAR.  The “anti-boycott” provisions of the EAR prohibit U.S. persons or businesses from participating in any non-U.S. sanctioned foreign government boycott.

Any U.S. person who receives a request that supports a restrictive trade practice, Federal Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA), or a boycott imposed by another country must promptly report the request to the Department of Commerce.  Rensselaer's Export Control Office will assist university personnel in determining if the anti-boycott provisions of the EAR apply and in reporting such occurrences to the appropriate authorities.

VI.  Information Technology

The review of all campus-wide computer systems and supporting peripherals, including software, hardware and storage, will be reviewed and monitored for compliance with Export Control laws and regulations.

VII. Recordkeeping and Retention Requirements

Rensselaer is required to retain a complete record of all Export Control documentation including but not limited to the Institute’s analysis of license requirements, any issued licenses, shipping documents, and any correspondence related to each export transaction.  Original records must be retained for five years from the date of export, re-export, or transfer.  Rensselaer's Export Control Office (in conjunction with RAF, HR, VPR, and Provost) is responsible for the retention of export records.  It is the responsibility of Rensselaer personnel to forward all relevant export documentation to Rensselaer's Export Control Office for archiving.

It is the researcher’s, and particularly the PI’s, responsibility to know the objective and subjective aspect of the research engagement.  This requires the awareness of a project’s use and end-use, concern for national security and foreign policy with respect to the use of the research activity in a way that is contradictory to U.S. concerns and may contribute to undesirable outcomes.

A “yes” answer to any of the following questions indicates that the research, information to be released or research tool to be used might be subject to export controls and should be reviewed by the Export Control Office:

• Research that involves export restricted science and engineering areas including defense articles or services, missiles, chemical & biological weapons, nuclear technology, work with designated select agents, high performance computing, and encryption technology.
• Research that involves the use of controlled unclassified information (CUI), export controlled information, items, or technology (e.g., export restricted information, controlled IR cameras, government controlled data, or technology received from outside the university).
• Research that involves the transfer of project information, equipment, materials, or receive financial support from sources outside of the U.S. (e.g., sending project deliverables or providing funding via a subcontract)
• Any part of the research will take place outside the U.S. or will include international travel (e.g., field work outside the U.S., attending an international conference to present results, or providing professional services)
• Research that involves foreign individuals as faculty, visiting scientists or collaborator(s), or other foreign entities (e.g., Non-U.S. Company, university, or other organization).
• “Foreign Person” graduate students, trainees, or other Rensselaer employees that will be or are involved in the research and the research has not yet been determined to be Fundamental Research by the federal government awarding agency or RPI’s Export Control Office.
• Uncertain of the technology developed, discovered (born) during the course of the research project.

It is important to be cognizant in the case of assigning a project to a “foreign person” that a deemed export license may be required before that individual can be involved, in any manner, with the details of a project.  The deemed license (refer to question # 18) application can take several months to be processed and there is no assurance that it will be granted.  Also, there is no way to facilitate or expedite the government’s review process.  During the wait period, the “foreign person”, for whom the deemed license application is made, cannot in anyway be associated with the research project.

The term Export, as used in export control regulations has an expansive meaning.  Generally, an export includes any:  (1) actual shipment of any covered goods or items; (2) the electronic or digital transmission of any covered goods, items, or related goods or items; (3) any release or disclosure, including verbal disclosures or visual inspections, of any technology, software or technical data to any foreign person wherever located; or (4) actual use or application of covered technology on behalf of or for the benefit of any foreign entity or person anywhere.  The official definition of export under the EAR and ITAR, 15 CFR §734.13 and 22 CFR §120.17, respectively, should be consulted when determining whether a specific act constitutes an export.  By way of the regulations, exporting covered technology, items, software may preclude the participation of foreign graduate students in research without first obtaining license from the appropriate government agency. 

Therefore, an export occurs whenever any item (i.e., any commodity, software, technology, or equipment) or information is forwarded, transferred or released from the U.S. to a foreign destination or to a foreign person in the U.S. or abroad.  Some examples of export activities include: the shipment of items, written or oral communications, hand-carrying items when traveling, providing access to or visual inspection of equipment or facilities, and providing professional services.  It can be:

• Any oral, written, electronic or visual disclosure, shipment, transfer or transmission outside of the United States to anyone, including a U.S. citizen, of any commodity, technology (information, technical data, or assistance) or software/codes.
• Any oral, written, electronic or visual disclosure, transfer or transmission to any person or entity of a controlled commodity, technology or software/codes with an intent to transfer it to a non-U.S. entity or individual, wherever located (even to a foreign student or colleague at the Rensselaer).
• Any transfer of these items or information to a foreign embassy or affiliate.

The EAR controls all items (commodities, software, or technology) that are:

1) of U.S. origin; or

2) are made with U.S. materials, technology, or know-how; or

3) are located in the U.S. AND that are NOT under the exclusive jurisdiction of another regulatory body (e.g., ITAR or Nuclear Regulatory Commission) or that are NOT shielded from export controls under the Fundamental Research, Educational Information, or Public Information exclusions.

• Fundamental Research is not defined or to be interpreted as most researcher expect or interpret in the common or the classical definition.  It is a federal regulatory term and has a federal definition that covers the accessibility of all research results, i.e., “research results published without any restrictions, hold back or decision not to release to the public, and the unrestricted engagement of non-proscribed foreign persons”, refer to question # 11.

 

• With respect to Federal Export Control Laws, i.e., the EAR, ITAR, NRC and DOE, fundamental research is strictly defined and addresses only the unrestricted publication of all research results without any restrictions.  A researcher, and particularly a PI, needs to be cognizant that FR does have export control compliance requirement associated with the execution of the research work, activity, software programs used and other tools (equipment, instrumentation, computer systems, etc.) to which a foreign person may have access and use during the course of the research.  The tools or the software program and/or the methodology for conducting the work could be “deemed” export controlled and may require a license.  It is important to ascertain a way to conduct the research work and how the research tools will be used to remain within the law or not transgress inadvertently into an unintentional violation.  It is the PI who is in the best position to understand the capabilities of the tools, software and methodology to address export control questions of concern before proceeding.  The Export Control Office should be contacted to help in addressing these concerns.

A “foreign person” is defined as any natural person/individual who is not a U.S. citizen, or is not a lawful permanent resident of the U.S. (i.e., does not have a green card), or who does not have refugee or asylum status.

A Deemed Export refers to the release or transfer of information or technology to any “foreign person” in the U.S., including students, post-docs, faculty, visiting scientists, or training fellows. A Deemed Export is treated as an export to that person’s home country.  Deemed Exports are a primary area of export control exposure for the university.

Determining when you need an export license can be very complicated. The Export Control Office can assist you in determining if a license is required and/or if there is a valid license exception or other exclusion that may apply. Contact the Export Control Office at exportcontrol@rpi.edu for help with export controls.

For most low-end items that are commercially available, do not require export licenses. There are some important exceptions including items containing strong encryption technology or software (e.g., laptop computers, web-enabled cell phones), items that have dual use applications (e.g., high end GPS units), or that are restricted under other regulations or sanctions.

Yes, export controls apply to all research activities regardless of funding status or source.

A Technology Control Plan (TCP) is a document drafted by the researcher in collaboration with the Export Control Office and in those situation with their department chair specifying procedures that will be taken in order to safeguard and control access to information or items that are export restricted.  In general, a TCP will outline what the restricted information/item is, who will have access to it, how access will be monitored and controlled, how the information/item will be physically and electronically stored, what information about it can be shared or presented, and what will be done with the information/item once the project is completed. Contact exportcontrol@rpi.edu for more information on TCPs.

The Educational Information Exclusion, is information that is normally taught or released by a university as part of the normal instruction and listed in a course catalog or in an associated teaching laboratory is considered Educational Information and, as provided for under the federal EAR regulations (15 CFR§734.9), is NOT subject to export controls.  There is similar definition in the ITAR.

Information becomes “published” or considered as “ordinarily published” when it is generally accessible to the interested public through a variety of ways.  Publication in periodicals, books, print, electronic or any other media available for general distribution to any member of the public or to those that would be interested in a scientific or engineering discipline.  Published or ordinarily published material also includes the following:

• Readily available at libraries open to the public;
• Issued patents; and,
• Releases at an open conference, meeting, seminar, trade show, or other open gathering.

Research conducted at Rensselaer that includes or uses export controlled, controlled unclassified information (CUI) or restricted information or items obtained from an outside entity does not qualify for the Fundamental Research Exclusion and is subject to all export controls. Before export controlled information or an item is received by the researcher, the incoming export controlled information must be received by Rensselaer’s Director of Research Administration and Finance (RAF), and reviewed to ascertain the nature of the information, discussed with the ECO to determine the need, use and potential exposure of a foreign person to the information.  The researcher will also need to complete the Certification on the Handling of Export-Controlled Information prior to release by RAF.  In some cases, a formal Technology Control Plan (see question # 24) may be required depending on the specific circumstances. Contact exportcontrol@rpi.edu for help in determining your requirements.

Export controls apply to all U.S. persons, at all times, and also to foreign person in the U.S.  It is important to understand and comply with all the obligations under the export control regulations.  If a faculty, PI, researcher, administrator, student is consulting in a restricted technology area (e.g., on dual-use technologies, military (either EAR or ITAR) or select agent work), then the individual may need an export license depending on the country associated with the engagement, details as to the information to be provided, who will be the recipient/end-user, and what the recipient/end-user intend to do with it as an end-use.  If the destination is a foreign person of a embargoed or sanctioned country (refer to question # 33), or end-user is a proscribed foreign person then in most cases any consulting activities would be prohibited regardless of the subject matter. For more information, contact the Export Control Office.

The Rensselaer Export Control Office of the General Counsel Office was instituted to respond to compliance questions and concerns, and guide PIs, faculty, staff and students through the complex set of export control regulations.

Technologies associated with production and use of nuclear material for both peaceful and military applications. Included are technologies for:

• Enrichment of fissile material
• Reprocessing irradiated nuclear fuel to recover produced plutonium
• Production of heavy water for moderator material
• Plutonium and tritium handling

Also, certain associated technologies related to nuclear physics and/or nuclear engineering. Includes materials, equipment or technology associated with:

• Power reactors, breeder and production reactors
• Fissile or special nuclear materials
• Uranium enrichment, including gaseous diffusion, centrifuge, aerodynamic, chemical, Electromagnetic Isotopic Separation (EMIS), Laser Isotope Separation (LIS)
• Spent fuel reprocessing, plutonium, mixed oxide nuclear research Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF)
• Magnetic confinement fusion
• Laser fusion, high power lasers, plasma
• Nuclear fuel fabrication including Mixed Oxide (uranium- plutonium) fuels (MOX)
• Heavy water production
• Tritium production and use
• Hardening technology

The technology used to produce chemical and biological weapons is inherently dual-use. The same technologies that could be applied to develop and produce chemical and biological weapons are used widely by civilian research laboratories and industry; these technologies are relatively common in many countries. Advanced biotechnology has the potential to support biological weapons research. In the biological area, look for interest in technologies associated with:

• Aerobiology (study of microorganisms found in the air or in aerosol form)
• Biochemistry
• Pharmacology
• Immunology
• Virology
• Bacteriology
• Mycology
• Microbiology
• Growth and culturing of microorganisms
• Pathology (study of diseases)
• Toxicology
• Study of toxins
• Virulence factors
• Genetic engineering, recombinant DNA technology
• Identification of nucleic acid sequences associated with pathogenecity
• Freeze-drying (lyophilization)
• Fermentation technology
• Cross-filtration equipment
• High "DOP-rated filters" (e.g., HEPA filters, ULPA filters)
• Microencapsulation
• Aerosol sprayers and technology, aerosol and aerosolization technology
• Spray or drum drying technology
• Milling equipment or technology intended for the production of micron-sized particles
• Technology for eliminating electrostatic charges of small particles
• Flight training
• Crop-dusting, aerosol dissemination
• Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology
• Fuses, detonators, and other munitions technology
• Submunitions technology
• Computer modeling of dissemination or contagion
• Chemical absorption (nuclear-biological-chemical (NBC) protection)

In the chemical area, look for:

• Organo-phosphate chemistry
• Neurochemistry
• Chemical engineering
• Chemical separation technology
• Pesticide production technology
• Pharmaceutical production technology
• Chemical separation technology
• Toxicology
• Pharmacology
• Neurology
• Immunology
• Detection of toxic chemical aerosols
• Chemical absorption (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC) protection)
• Production of glass-lined steel reactors/vessels, pipes, flanges, and other equipment
• Aerosol sprayers and technology
• Flight training
• Crop-dusting, aerosol dissemination
• Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) technology
• Fuses, detonators, and other munitions technology
• Submunitions technology
• Computer modeling of dissemination

Advanced computers and software play a useful (but not necessarily critical) role in the development and deployment of missiles and missile systems, and in the development and production of nuclear weapons. Advanced computer capabilities are also used in over-the-horizon targeting, airborne early warning targeting, Electronic Countermeasures (ECM) processors. These technologies are associated with:

• Supercomputing, hybrid computing
• Speech processing/recognition systems
• Neural networks
• Data fusion
• Quantum wells, resonant tunneling
• Superconductivity
• Advance optoelectronics
• Acoustic wave devices
• Superconducting electron devices
• Flash discharge type x-ray systems
• Frequency synthesizers
• Microcomputer compensated crystal oscillators

Technologies associated with cryptography and cryptographic systems to ensure secrecy for communications, video, data and related software.

Sensors provide real-time information and data, and could provide a significant military advantage in a conflict. Marine acoustics is critical in anti-submarine warfare; gravity meters are essential for missile launch calibration. Look for technologies associated with:

• Marine acoustics
• Optical sensors
• Night vision devices, image intensification devices
• Gravity meters
• High-speed photographic equipment
• Magnetometers

Technologies associated with:

• Artificial intelligence
• Automation
• Computer-controlled machine tools
• Pattern recognition technologies